Prevalence of Risk Factors for Coronary †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Prevalence of Risk Factors for Coronary. Answer: Introduction: The following paper is going to make a concise review of the existing literatures, which have indentified and illustrated the social determinants of cardiac diseases among the Indian women. The health of women in India has always been examined based on varied indicators, which vary according to geographical, cultural and socio-economic position. According to Anchala et al. (2014), gender inequality highly determines the health of the women in India and specifically women in the rural area of India. Currently, cardiovascular disease is found to be one of the leading reasons of death, mortality as well as morbidity in the country of India. Cardiovascular disease among women has recently become a potential concern in India as per the reason that numerous empirical studies have pointed out that every three out of five Indian women are at high risk of cardiovascular diseases. It is shocking that cardiovascular diseases have become prevalent among the women who belong to the age group of 3 0-35 (Basu Millett, 2013). Prior to identify as well as to assess the social determinants of cardiac disorders among the women in India, it is essential to mention the inclusion and exclusion criteria for accomplishing the following literature review. In time of indentifying the social determinants of cardiac diseases among Indian women, journal article, newspaper article, statistical reports and books, which have been published after 2013, have been considered. In order to acquire a broad understanding, articles, which have talked about the social determinants of cardiac diseases among both men and women, have been also included. However, the literature review has excluded any kind of article or book those have been published before 2013 and have concentrated on the medical determinants of heart diseases have been excluded. As asserted by Collaboration (2017), poor health-seeking behavior should considered as one of the potential determinants of cardiovascular disease among the rural women in India. According to the second and the third National family health survey, use o smokeless tobacco is high among the women of India and increasing on a fast pace and due to that the rate of cardio-vascular attack among women is maximizing (Gatrell Elliott, 2014). The most possible reason for such unhealthy consumption among the women in India is most frequent among the rural women and reason has been found out to be illiteracy as well as the socioeconomic status. As per Gupta et al. (2013), in India, women have relatively higher Cardiovascular related mortality rates though women are less likely to receive appropriate treatment than the men are. Lack of knowledge related Cardiovascular (CVD) related risk factors, social determinants and preventive measures should be considered as some of the most inevitable deter minants for CVD related diseases among women in India. However, as argued by Havranek et al. (2015), illiteracy and lack of convenience for proper treatment and gender inequality should not be considered as some of the major determinants of cardiac disease among the women of urban India. For the prevalent rate of CVC diseases among the urban women in India, work pressure, unhealthy food consumption and poorly managed systematic lifestyle should be blamed (Kivimki et al., 2015). Previously, most of the empirical medical studies have indicated the fact that heart disease in India is common among the men however, recent consensus is indicative of the fact that Indian women are equally prone to the CVC related diseases. As per Lloyd-Sherlock et al. (2014), the growing rate of cardiac diseases among the urban women in India is because of the growing rate of smoking habit among them. The same has been asserted by Lang et al. (2017), who has indicated that stressful work, compromised diet along with sedentary lifestyle are the main determinants of cardiac diseases among the urban women in India. In this context, it is required to be mentioned that the largest group of Indian women at the risk of cardiovascular disease are between the ages of 35-44. It has been identified that the CVD risk is high among both the working-women and the housewives (Mehta, et al., 2016). In this context, it is essential to mention that according to the report on the causes of death that has been conducted by the Register General of India that one of the potential causes of death among the Indian women is the cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, available statistics of India is indicative of the fact that among more than 10 million death in India, near about two million are due to cardiac related diseases and astonishingly 40% of it is found to be the women (Nag Ghosh, 2013). According to OKeefe et al. (2014), half of the 800,000 annual cardiovascular related deaths among Indian women causes in a premature state. The increasing rate of cardiac disease among young women is mainly determined by their habit of smoking and due to their unhealthy food consumption habit. Astonishingly, the consumption of Tobacco among women is a case in both the urban and rural places. As contradicted by Pandey (2013), illiteracy as a social determinant of cardiac disease cannot be considere d anymore because the consumption of tobacco and other smoke related elements are being consumed on a high level among the literate and elite society of India too (Peters et al., 2014). Therefore, in terms of social cause of cardiovascular disease among the women of the urban sites of India, ill-maintained lifestyle and lack of consciousness should be considered. Besides, the increasing pressure in the working sector is another potential determinant of cardiovascular diseases among the Indian women. The Indian business sector is growing and it is acknowledging the women talent. Based on Peters et al. (2014), the rate of hypertension, which is one of the major determinants of coronary artery disease increases due to high level of work pressure and lack of daily exercise. Henceforth, it can be said that in present time, in terms of social determinants of cardiac diseases, work pressure and lack of work/life balance among the working-women in India should be blamed. Consequently, heart attacks among women are affecting the reproductive age group as cardiac diseases have become most prevalent between the age group of 30-35 in India (Sekhri et al., 2014). Varied recent studies are indicative of the fact women in Indian are repeatedly falling prey to coronary diseases mainly due to the low level of estrogen. The reason for low level of estrogen among the women in India is found out to be the changing lifestyle (Nag Ghosh, 2013). It is a fact worth admitting as per the reason that 65% of medical survey in India has said that low level of estrogen is one of the chief causes for younger women in India are developing serious heart diseases (Vellakkal et al., 2013). Hence, it can be contemplated that stress and more specifically lack of work/life balance is found out to be one of the main determinants cardiac disorders and chronic heart disease among the young women of India. It is required to be considered here that the level of stress is high among both the house wives and the working women of India because of the predominant concept regarding women responsibility. Women are fundamentally considered having responsibility for their home as well as for their working premise. Hence, the predominant social structure of India should blamed for creating a surrounding where most of the middle class women are forced to take care of their house as well as take pressure in their individual working sector (Nag Ghosh, 2013). Therefore, the conventional social norm of responsibilities for women should be considered as one of the social determinants of hypertension that directly results in cardiac diseases. The condition of the rural women in India is possibly more tragic than that of the urban women as in most of the rural places of North-west part of India still believes that heart diseases are typical to the men. Therefore, basic medical need or emergency service for heart diseases is less available for the women (Gatrell Elliott, 2014). Here again it should be contemplated that the orthodox social condition of India is a potential determinant for cardiovascular disorder and its consequences among the women. In this context, it is essential to mention that several times unfortunate consequences due to cardiac disorder take place among Indian women prior being diagnosed for once. As per Collaboration (2017), women symptoms of cardiac disorder are different from that of men as women do not suffer from angina with pain in the left side of the human body and women suffer from atypical angina. Atypical angina causes pain as well as discomfort in the back portion, neck and in the shoulders of the women (Basu Millett, 2013). Therefore, it is indicative of the fact that lack of awareness as well as knowledge about women symptoms in cardiac disease is one of the reasons for the increasing rate of cardiac diseases among the Indian women. According to Anchala et al. (2014), in terms of social determinants of cardiac diseases among the women in India, along with illiteracy and stress, poverty and overlap between races should be considered with utmost priority. In this respect, it should be mentioned that lower income in the family creates risks for several cardiovascular diseases. It has been identified that more than 40% of the women in India suffers from heart diseases and suffers from its consequences due to poverty and lack of having basic amenities. Lack of vitamins and proteins creates immune deficit in women body and because of that their body could not properly act in fighting against cardiac disorder. It should be kept in mind in this respect that India is still listed among one of the developing countries of the world whose poverty rate in relation with the population rate is disappointing in comparison with other states. Therefore, understandably, poverty is one of the potential causes along with stress, illiteracy and changing lifestyle that affects women health highly. It has been also found that along with gender discrimination, women cardiac patients and less amount of treatment for them is caused by racial discrimination also. In India, alongside color, gender, social and financial status discrimination, racial discrimination also a prevalent issue that degrades the social condition of the marginalized people in India. In several orthodox places in India, marginalized people are prohibited to get normal treatment from the local medical centers. In places like Haryana, Rajasthan, Kashmir, Uttarpradesh and some places of West Bengal, racially discriminated women and men are not allowed to get emergency medical care (Gatrell Elliott, 2014). Therefore, it is understandable that in term of social condition, racial discrimination should be granted as a determinant for cardiac diseases and their after effects among the women in India. However, as argued by Kivimki et al. (2015), if illiteracy and poverty would be granted as two potential determinants of cardiac disorders then, the income inequality in India should be taken into consideration at first. Most of the empirical studies have implied the fact that lack of proper diet and other basic amenities in life play a detrimental role on the health of women. Increasing rate of corruption, lack of educational facilities in the rural places and power-mongering nature of the political leaders has resulted in financial uncertainty and income inequality among the society of India. Henceforth, along with the men, women of India are suffering from varied diseases, which are due to lack of proper food consumption and lifestyle. More than 50% of the suffering women of cardiovascular diseases are victim of in equal income and poverty in India (Kivimki et al., 2015). It is evident from the case studies pursued by the AMI or Acute myocardinal infarction in India that, the high amount of risk of cardiovascular disease among Indian women is high among the low-socioeconomic groups. Nevertheless, as argued by Mehta et al. (2016), the economic globalization and its impact on India should be also considered for being one of the determinants of cardiovascular disorder. It is because, the epidemiological transition in India is taking place against the context of economic globalization and consequently the CVD factors and its consequences are increasing in both the urban and rural places of India. Along with the men, to a similar extent, the women are becoming victims of cardiovascular diseases. Henceforth, the aspiration effect is leading to create behavioral change among women, due to which they are becoming prone to more stress and lack of work/life balance. It can be anticipated after having an in-depth discourse about the possible social determinants of cardiovascular diseases among Indian women, it can be said that the information gathered from varied sources will help the medical board to take potential initiatives. The above review has indicated that stress, lack of awareness and poverty are the main social determinants of cardiac diseases among the Indian women. Therefore, it can be said that the medical boards and social charity houses may take hint from the review and organize awareness raising campaigns in India. With the help of the literature review, online awareness campaigns, which would be helpful for the working women can be pursued too. References Anchala, R., Kannuri, N. K., Pant, H., Khan, H., Franco, O. H., Di Angelantonio, E., Prabhakaran, D. (2014). Hypertension in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence, awareness, and control of hypertension.Journal of hypertension,32(6), 1170-1177. Basu, S., Millett, C. (2013). Social Epidemiology of Hypertension in Middle-Income CountriesNovelty and Significance.Hypertension,62(1), 18-26. Collaboration, A. P. C. S. (2017). A comparison of the associations between risk factors and cardiovascular disease in Asia and Australasia.European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention Rehabilitation. Gatrell, A. C., Elliott, S. J. (2014).Geographies of health: An introduction. John Wiley Sons. Gupta, R., Deedwania, P. C., Achari, V., Bhansali, A., Gupta, B. K., Gupta, A., ... Saboo, B. (2013). Normotension, prehypertension, and hypertension in urban middle-class subjects in India: prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control.American journal of hypertension,26(1), 83. Havranek, E. P., Mujahid, M. S., Barr, D. A., Blair, I. V., Cohen, M. S., Cruz-Flores, S., ... Rosal, M. (2015). Social Determinants of Risk and Outcomes for Cardiovascular Disease.Circulation,132(9), 873-898. Kivimki, M., Jokela, M., Nyberg, S. T., Singh-Manoux, A., Fransson, E. I., Alfredsson, L., ... Clays, E. (2015). Long working hours and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of published and unpublished data for 603 838 individuals.The Lancet,386(10005), 1739-1746. Lang, T., Lepage, B., Schieber, A. C., Lamy, S., Kelly-Irving, M. (2017). Social determinants of cardiovascular diseases.Public Health Reviews,33(2), 601. Lloyd-Sherlock, P., Beard, J., Minicuci, N., Ebrahim, S., Chatterji, S. (2014). Hypertension among older adults in low-and middle-income countries: prevalence, awareness and control.International journal of epidemiology,43(1), 116-128. Mehta, L. S., Beckie, T. M., DeVon, H. A., Grines, C. L., Krumholz, H. M., Johnson, M. N., ... Wenger, N. K. (2016). Acute myocardial infarction in women.Circulation,133(9), 916-947. Nag, T., Ghosh, A. (2013). Cardiovascular disease risk factors in Asian Indian population: A systematic review.Journal of cardiovascular disease research,4(4), 222-228. OKeefe, J. H., Bhatti, S. K., Bajwa, A., DiNicolantonio, J. J., Lavie, C. J. (2014, March). Alcohol and cardiovascular health: the dose makes the poison or the remedy. InMayo Clinic Proceedings(Vol. 89, No. 3, pp. 382-393). Elsevier. Pandey, R. M., Gupta, R., Misra, A., Misra, P., Singh, V., Agrawal, A., ... Devi, K. V. (2013). Determinants of urbanrural differences in cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged women in India: A cross-sectional study.International journal of cardiology,163(2), 157-162. Peters, S. A., Huxley, R. R., Woodward, M. (2014). Diabetes as risk factor for incident coronary heart disease in women compared with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 64 cohorts including 858,507 individuals and 28,203 coronary events. Sekhri, T., Kanwar, R. S., Wilfred, R., Chugh, P., Chhillar, M., Aggarwal, R., ... Singh, S. (2014). Prevalence of risk factors for coronary artery disease in an urban Indian population.BMJ open,4(12), e005346. Vellakkal, S., Subramanian, S. V., Millett, C., Basu, S., Stuckler, D., Ebrahim, S. (2013). Socioeconomic inequalities in non-communicable diseases prevalence in India: disparities between self-reported diagnoses and standardized measures.PloS one,8(7), e68219.